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=**Tariffs **=

Amanda Boucher & Cindy Klinhom ** Tariffs ** have always been a part of the United States' history starting from the very beginning the the nation's existence when it's first president was elected, **George Washington**. The first tariff passed by him was to protect trade and increase ** revenue ** for the federal government. Following the first tariff act were many more that were created for various reasons. Some tariffs were to created to protect America while others were created to help fund wars. Between the years of 1789 and 1900, the United States of America had many changes in the tariffs put on them as a result of what was going on in the nation economically and financially. In all, within that time span many different tariff acts were put on to satisfy what the country needed at that certain moment. The changes in tariffs included both increases and decreases in the taxes on manufactured goods and products from farmers throughout the nation. Also, the rates of taxes on foreign goods fluctuated according to the nations economy. Tariffs were an important aspect throughout history and were passed by by famous figures in American's government. When specific tariffs were proven to hurt the nation, such as the tariff of 1832, certain people would rebel against them and the president would have to revise it. Higher duty rates were results of the nation in need of many because of war or failing economically. When restrictions were placed on products the United States was forced into a recession. By the 1900's rates were higher than ever and ** monopolies ** were forming causing higher consumer prices. Congress continued to change, repeal, and make new tariffs to try and better the country. They changed the rates to whatever was best for the United States.

Timeline
== = = ==
 * **Tariff of 1789** - This tariff was passed by George Washington to protect trade and raise revenue for the ** federal government **. This new tariff act raised **import rates** by 10%.
 * **Tariff of 1816** - The Tariff of 1816 was meant for the protection of America. To stop Britain from dumping goods below cost to prevent the growth of American industries, **Congress** passed the tariff on imported woolens and cottons on iron, leather, hats, paper, and sugar.
 * **Tariff of 1824** - Northern and Western representatives ignored the south's complaints and passed the Sectional Tariff of 1824, which raised rates to 30% and added products such as lead and glass.
 * **Tariff of Abominations -** Established in 1828, the tariff of Abominations was a target of southern anger. It was a result of **Andrew Jackson** 's supporters in Congress who had passed it to increase the northern support for him in the **presidential campaign** at the time. It's purpose was to impose high tariffs on imported textiles and iron that ranged from a third to half their total value.
 * **Tariff of 1832** - Controversy was created when South Carolina made a special convention and an **Ordinance of Nulli****fication** to reject the tariff and refuse to collect taxes it required. This tariff retained high taxes on wool ens, iron, and hemp but reduced duties on other items. Although the state threatened to **secede** if Jackson forced the tariff, they still gave in and the rest of the south refused to follow them. Jackson asked Congress to revise the tariff.
 * **Tariff of 1833** - The Tariff of 1833 was the newly revised version. ** Henry Clay **, with **John C. Calhoun** 's support, made a compromise by returning to the Tariff rates of 1816, which was an average of 20 percent, by 1842 though small annual decreases over the next nine years. South Carolina's legislature quickly accepted the comprise repealing the nullification of the tariff of 1832.
 * **Tariff of 1842 -** President **John Tyler** issued the tariff of 1842 leading to an unsuccessful attempt of the **Whigs** to impeach him as president. The Tariff provided for upward revision, taking the rates back to 1833 before they were reduced by Congress because of President Jackson.[[image:http://i97.photobucket.com/albums/l212/c23klines/randomm/Taxlaws.jpg align="right"]]
 * **Tariff of 1846 -** Also known as the Walker tariff, it successfully stimulated trade and brought revenue to the **Treasury**, which was deeply needed. It al so helped repair rel ations with Britain by flourishing trade between America and Britain. This tariff was a moderate lowering of many rates.
 * **Tariff of 1857-** United States advocates of lowering of tariffs felt that the availability of cheaper foreign imports would be beneficiary to the country. They also felt that the country would profit from the ability of domestic farmers and manufacturers to sell their products in distant markets. Following the Tariff of 1846 in the trend of lowering tariffs, the Tariff of 1857 was created as a result of the **Panic of 1857**.
 * **Tariff of 1861-** President James Buchanan issued the Tariff of 1861 as one of his last acts as president of the United States of America. This tariff was created around the time of the **Civil War** to help fund the **Union** troops.
 * **Tariff of 1872 -** A tariff put on after the Civil War reducing rates on some manufactured goods.
 * **Tariff of 1875 -** Another post Civil War tariff revision to reduce tariffs. The average rate reduced approximately ten percent.[[image:http://www.yankeepotroast.org/image/tariffcartoon.jpg width="303" height="188" align="right"]]
 * **Tariff of 1883 -** Also known as the "Mongrel" Tariff, this tariff was created as a compromise but in the end satisfied nobody. The Democratic farmers of the South and West wanted to lower the tariffs while the North wanted higher tariffs. This tariff lowered tariffs on a few items, but increased tariffs on most manufactured goods.
 * **Tariff of 1890** - Referred to as the Mckinley Tariff, it was the highest protective tariff yet raising the average rate of **impor t duties** on foreign goods to 48%.
 * **Tariff of 1894 -** The Wilson-Gorman Tariff, passed in 1894, led to a deep recession for both the Cuban economy and American **investments** . The tariff placed restrictions on Cuban imports to the United States leading to a decrease of trade by 50%.
 * **Tariff of 1897** - President McKinley supported the Dingley Tariff, which raised import duties higher than ever and favored the passage of the **Gold Standard Act of 1900** . This tariff boosted rates to the 50% level. In response to the high rates, trusts and monopolies were created leading to higher consumer prices.

Glossary
== 
 * ** Andrew Jackson- **President after John Quincy Adams, had affect on Tariff of Abomination. [[image:http://faithmaps.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/andrew_jackson.jpeg width="181" height="174" align="right" caption="Andrew Jackson"]]
 * **Civil War-** War fought between the Union and the Confederacy in the United States because of slavery. The war began in 1861 and lasted until 1865 ending in a Union victory.
 * **Congress-** the national legislative body of a nation.
 * **Federal Government-** Government with strong central power.
 * **George Washington-** First president of the United States and issuer of the first tariff.
 * **Gold Standard Act of 1900-** An act to define and fix the standard of value, to maintain the value of all forms of money issued or coined by the United States and to refund the public debt.
 * **Henry Clay-** Politician representing Kentucky first in House of Representatives, then in Senate.
 * **Import Duties-** Tax put on imported goods from other countries by the government.
 * **Import Rates-** The rate of the tax on the products being imported from foreign countries.
 * **Investments-** Putting money into bank to increase it's value over time.
 * **John C. Calhoun-** Secretary of war while Monroe was president, Vice President while Adams and Jackson were president. Helped draft Tariff of 1833.
 * **John Tyler-** Tenth President of the United States and issuer of the Tariff of 1842.[[image:swogdog:henry_clay.jpg width="157" height="190" align="right" caption="Henry Clay"]]
 * **Monopolies-** Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.
 * **Ordinance of Nullification- ** South Carolina declared to void and null the tariff of 1828 and 1832.
 * **Panic of 1857-** Sudden downturn economically in the United States.
 * ** Presidential Campaign- ** An oranized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group for presidency.
 * **Revenue-** The income of a government from taxation, excise duties, customs, or other sources, appropriated to the payment of the public expenses.
 * **Secede-** To withdraw formally from the Union.
 * **Tariffs-** A tax put on imported goods by the government. Sometimes can be put on exported goods too. Also known as "custom duty" or "impost".
 * **Treasury-** The department of government that has control over the collection, management, and disbursement of the public revenue.
 * **Union-** A group of states or nations united into one political body.
 * **Whigs-** A political party of American History.

**Just for fun**
= = Use words found in the glossary to complete the puzzle. Not all words will be used.
 * Tariff Crossword **

code Across 1. National Legislative body of the government. 4. The Confederates battled them in the American Civil War. 6. Rate of the tax on the products being imported from foreign countries. 9. First to represent Kentucky in the House of Representatives. 10. A popular political party in American history opposing Democrats and Republicans. 11. The President that issued the Tariff of 1842. Down 2. The first President of the United States of America. Also created the first tariff of the nation. 3. Tax put on imported goods by the government. 5. Helped draft the Tariff of 1833 as well as being vice president for both Jackson and Adams. 7. To formally withdraw from the Union. 8. The 7th President of the United States.

code

More information on Tariffs

@http://www.enotes.com/major-acts-congress/tariff-act
 * For more information about the very first tariff issued, the Tariff of 1789, click on the link below.

@http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h963.html
 * For more information about the history of American tariffs, click on the link below.

@http://www.buyandhold.com/bh/en/education/history/2003/tariff_of_abominations.html
 * For more information about the Tariff of Abominations, click on the link below.

@http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h794.html
 * For more information about the Tariff of 1894, click on the link below.

@http://economics.about.com/cs/taxpolicy/a/tariffs.htm
 * For more information on the effects that the tariffs had, click on the link below.

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